Simple...higher octane...resists detonation. That is all. So...how this works is, that little knocking you get from running really low octane gas in a vehical...that's called predetonation. The gas is igniting from the compression of the pistons before the spark is lighting the fuel. To stop this, you put in a higher octane fuel. A "stock" bike, IE: not changing compression ratings, milling heads, etc will NEVER requre anything higher than 91/93 octane. Note also this is at sea level. If you are in Denver Co for instance, 89 will be just fine, the altitude changes the ignition points of fuel. Now what's funny is this...if you add a higher octane fuel to a bike that doesn' tneed it, you mileage will go down and your performance will decrease. Reasoning...the fuel is acutally harder to burn. Hence the reason it resists pre-detonation. What you want to do is run the lowest possible octane before your motor "knocks". That's it. Now..under stress...the bike is at the track or something, pre-detonation will occur much easier. I know people that run 89 or even 87 on the street, but when they hit the track, the motor will knock, so they put in 93.
100 octane is just lining the pockets of the company you are buying it from...does nothign for you.